In things to be seen at once, much variety makes confusion, another vice of beauty. In things that are not seen at once, and have no respect one to another, great variety is commendable, provided this variety transgress not the rules of optics and geometry.

Christopher Wren’s quote addresses the delicate balance between variety and harmony in the design of visual art, architecture, and nature. Wren suggests that when many elements are presented all at once, too much variety can lead to confusion, a flaw that detracts from the overall beauty. This is particularly true when a design or arrangement is meant to be perceived immediately, as the mind may become overwhelmed by the sheer number of contrasting elements, which can disrupt the aesthetic harmony.

However, Wren also acknowledges that in situations where the elements are not seen all at once, such as in architecture or landscape design, a great variety can be appreciated and even celebrated. In these cases, the different elements do not need to be perceived in one instant, allowing for a deeper, more gradual appreciation of their complexity. The key point is that the variety must not violate the fundamental rules of optics and geometry, implying that visual designs should still respect basic principles of form, proportion, and alignment, which create an underlying order.

The origin of this quote can be found in Wren's work as a pioneering English architect, best known for designing St. Paul’s Cathedral. Wren’s understanding of the relationship between geometry, optics, and aesthetic appeal was crucial in his designs, where he skillfully balanced variety with structure. His comment reflects a broader philosophical perspective on beauty in architecture, emphasizing that visual elements should be thoughtfully arranged to avoid overwhelming the viewer while still offering a sense of interest and depth.

Wren’s insight applies beyond just architecture, offering a broader lesson about visual perception and the principles of design. The quote suggests that, in many creative fields, the effective use of variety is a matter of timing and context—whether the elements are seen at once or gradually—and that this variety should always maintain a relationship with the fundamental principles that govern how we perceive beauty, such as proportion, balance, and geometry.