If a Chinese student does not know Chinese learning, it's like a person without a surname, a horse without a bridle, a boat without a helm. The more Western learning he possesses, the more hateful of China he will become. Even if he becomes a capable man of vast learning, how can he be of any use to the state?

In this quote, Zhang Zhidong emphasizes the importance of Chinese learning and culture, suggesting that a person who is disconnected from their cultural heritage is incomplete or directionless. By comparing a Chinese student who does not know their own learning to a person without a surname, a horse without a bridle, or a boat without a helm, Zhang highlights how essential it is for individuals to remain grounded in their cultural roots. These metaphors suggest that just as these things are inherently unmoored or unmanageable without their defining components, so too is a person who lacks an understanding of their own heritage and tradition.

Zhang's statement reflects a broader belief that without a firm foundation in Chinese learning, a student might lose their sense of identity and purpose, particularly in relation to their role in society. His concern also extends to the influence of Western learning, which he views as potentially harmful or alienating. According to Zhang, the more a student adopts Western knowledge, the more they may grow to disdain China, as their connection to Chinese culture and values weakens. This critique stems from Zhang’s belief that the infusion of Western ideas could undermine traditional Chinese values and national identity.

The origin of this quote can be traced to Zhang Zhidong, a prominent Chinese scholar and official during the late Qing Dynasty, who advocated for the integration of Western learning with traditional Chinese values. Although Zhang was not entirely opposed to Westernization, he believed that it should be balanced with a strong foundation in Chinese culture. His views were part of his broader efforts to strengthen China during a time of significant external pressure and internal reform, as Western influence grew in the country.

Ultimately, Zhang's words reflect his desire to preserve Chinese culture and identity while cautiously navigating the challenges posed by foreign influence. His perspective is rooted in a belief that learning should be connected to one's cultural heritage and that knowledge should serve to strengthen, not weaken, a nation’s sense of self and purpose. This quote encapsulates the tension between traditionalism and modernization that was prevalent in late 19th-century China.