A slave government is an oligarchy; and one, too, of the most arbitrary and criminal character.

In this quote, Lysander Spooner argues that a slave government—one that controls or oppresses its people—essentially functions as an oligarchy. He suggests that in such a system, power is concentrated in the hands of a few individuals or groups, leading to an arbitrary and criminal form of governance. Spooner’s use of "arbitrary" highlights the unchecked power and lack of fairness in such a system, while "criminal" implies that the actions of those in control are unjust or immoral.

Spooner’s statement reflects his anarchist and libertarian beliefs, particularly his opposition to government systems that rely on coercion, control, and oppression. He viewed slavery not just as the condition of enslaved individuals but also as a broader metaphor for any government that strips individuals of their autonomy and freedom. In Spooner's view, such governments are inherently unjust because they restrict personal liberty and impose power without consent.

The quote also critiques the elitism of an oligarchy, where a small, often unelected group holds power over the majority. Spooner implies that when power is so concentrated, it leads to corruption and abuses, making the government not just ineffective, but also morally wrong. The term slave government evokes the idea that such a system reduces citizens to a state of subjugation, much like slavery, where they are not free to make their own choices.

Ultimately, Spooner’s quote emphasizes his belief that any form of government that restricts individual freedom and concentrates power in a few hands is not only undemocratic but also inherently unjust. He critiques such systems for their criminal and oppressive nature, arguing for a government that respects individual autonomy and freedom.